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Maryland’s Crisis Over 450-Million-Year-Old “Blue-Blood” Source

Horseshoe crabs, ancient creatures dating back over 450 million years, are facing a serious threat along Maryland’s shores. These unique animals, known for their distinctive blue blood, play a vital role in both the ecosystem and the medical field. However, recent years have seen alarming numbers of dead crabs washing up on beaches, sparking a major legal battle. This article explores what’s happening to these crabs, why it matters, and the ongoing court case aiming to protect them.

What Are Horseshoe Crabs?

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Atlantic Horseshoe crab. Harrison J Elkins, CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Horseshoe crabs are marine arthropods with hard, armored shells, ten eyes, and long, spiked tails. Sounds pretty scary in my opinion. Despite their intimidating appearance, they pose no threat to humans. Every spring, these crabs come ashore along the Atlantic coast to spawn, laying eggs on sandy beaches. These eggs are crucial food sources for migrating birds. However, their most remarkable feature is their ‘blue blood’, which has unique properties that make it invaluable to the pharmaceutical industry.

The Significance of Their Blue Blood

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Blood samples. Image by AhmadArdity via Pixabay

The blue blood of horseshoe crabs contains a special substance that clots in the presence of bacterial toxins, making it essential for testing the safety of vaccines and medical devices. This was used extensively in the production of vaccines during the recent Covid pandemic. The crabs have thusly become a prime target for biomedical companies, who harvest their blood in large quantities. While the crabs are typically returned to the ocean after bleeding, many do not survive the process. The increasing demand for their blood has put significant pressure on their populations, leading to mass die-offs in recent years.

Mass Die-Offs on Maryland Shores

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Maryland horseshoe crabs. Image by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Northeast Region, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

In recent years, thousands of dead horseshoe crabs have been found washed up on Maryland’s shores, particularly in Ocean City. These die-offs have occurred in 2021, 2022, and 2023, with no other marine species affected. The exact cause of these deaths is still under investigation, but the mass harvesting of their blood is a significant concern. It also coincides with the largest production of vaccines in recent history, which is markedly suspicious. These events have alarmed environmentalists and prompted legal action to protect the crabs.

The Court Case Against Maryland’s DNR

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Horseshoe crabs in a bucket. Image by AnonymousUnknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

In response to the alarming number of horseshoe crab deaths, the Center for Biological Diversity filed a lawsuit against the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR). The lawsuit accuses the DNR of withholding crucial data on how many crabs are killed or injured each year by blood harvesting. The Center argues that this lack of transparency prevents the public from understanding the full impact of these practices and from participating in efforts to protect the crabs.

Why the Lawsuit Matters

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Extinction asteroid. Image by Don Davis (work commissioned by NASA), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The lawsuit is not just about transparency; it’s about the survival of an ancient species. Horseshoe crabs have been around for hundreds of millions of years, surviving mass extinctions that wiped out the dinosaurs. Yet, they are now at risk directly due to human activities. The court case seeks to ensure that the crabs are not driven to extinction by the very industries that rely on them for medical testing.

The Role of Synthetic Alternatives

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Vaccine bottles. Image by Prefeitura de Itapevi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

One of the central issues in the lawsuit is the availability of synthetic alternatives to horseshoe crab blood. These alternatives are already being used in Europe but have been slow to gain traction in the United States. Environmental advocates argue that wider adoption of these alternatives could significantly reduce the need for harvesting horseshoe crab blood, helping to protect the species.

The Environmental Impact

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Birds feeding around a horseshoe crab. Gregory Breese/USFWS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Beyond the crabs themselves, their decline has broader environmental implications. Horseshoe crab eggs are a crucial food source for many bird species, especially during migration. A decline in crab populations could lead to a ripple effect throughout the ecosystem, impacting birds and other wildlife. Protecting horseshoe crabs is not just about preserving a single species; it’s about maintaining the health of entire coastal ecosystems.

What’s Next for Horseshoe Crabs?

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Horseshoe crab on the shore. Image by Andrea Westmoreland from DeLand, United States, CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons

The outcome of the lawsuit could have far-reaching consequences for horseshoe crabs and the industries that rely on them. If the Center for Biological Diversity succeeds, it could lead to stricter regulations on blood harvesting and greater transparency from the Maryland DNR. This would be a significant step toward ensuring the long-term survival of these ancient creatures.

Conclusion

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Illustration of a Horseshoe Crab. Image by Heinrich Harder (1858-1935), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Horseshoe crabs are more than just a fascinating relic of the past; they are a vital part of our present and future. Their blue blood has saved countless lives, but it’s now time to save them. The ongoing legal battle in Maryland highlights the urgent need to protect these incredible creatures and ensure that they continue to thrive for millions of years to come.

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